INTRODUCTION
Background
Peatlands cover only about 3% of the earth, and contain 20-35% of the carbon stored in the earth's surface. Tropical peat lands, such as in Southeast Asia, has a storage capacity of carbon is very much (3-6 times more than the peatland, in temperate climates). Peatlands are also very rich in biological diversity and unique species only found in peat swamp areas (Moore & Nina 2003).
Indonesian peatlands estimated 26 million ha area. Almost all existing peatlands of Indonesia are found outside Java, which is the islands transmigration destination areas, namely on the island of Sumatra, 8.9 million ha, 6.3 million ha of the island of Borneo and Papua Island 10.9 million ha. In the region of Sumatra, most peatlands are in the East coast, while in Borneo there are in West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan (Ad Hoc Team 2008).
Peat swamp forest is a forest species that grows in a thick layer of organic material. This layer of organic material composed of stacks of plants that have been dead like leaves, roots, twigs, tree trunks and even complete, which has accumulated over thousands of years. The peat is forming an increasingly growing media raised every turn of generation plants, and it can produce layers with thickness up to more than 20 meters. Peat layer is formed under certain conditions, for plants that die under normal circumstances quickly experienced the decomposition by fungi, bacteria and other organisms. However, due to the nature of the anaerobic peat and has a high acidity, and lack of nutrients, the decomposition process was slow (Central Kalimantan Peatlands Project 2006).
Considering the important role of soil microorganisms, especially fungi, in the process of decomposition of organic matter in peat and the still relatively limited information about the types of fungi in peat, have identified the types of peat soil fungi in order to accelerate the process of decomposition of organic material. Thus will be known populations and species of fungi that play a role in the process of decomposition of peat soil orgnik materials. The information obtained can be used as supporting data in the management of peatlands. Buckman & Nyle (1982) stated that soil organisms play an important role in accelerating the provision of nutrients and also as a source of soil organic matter.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result
The observation and identification in the laboratory showed that the fungi were identified are as many as 8 species. Each type of peat land in Sei Siarti Village, Labuhan Batu regency there are different types of fungi for each replication and pengencerannya. From the results of the identification of species of fungi have not been identified. It is caused when microscopic observation characteristics such as conidial fungi, fungal hyphae and other structures compiler could not be seen clearly.
The eight species of fungi were identified consisted of Aspergillus sp.1, sp.2 Aspergillus, Fusarium sp., Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp. and Mucor sp. Of the eight species is not entirely contained in the three types of peat, based on the level of maturity, because the ability of fungi to compete in taking food, to survive in anaerobic conditions and in decomposing organic materials vary. Another factor affecting the presence of fungi in peat can be seen more clearly in the discussion.
The types of fungi isolated from peat soil saprik
Saprik isolated from peat soil obtained 4 types of fungi. As for the types of fungi, namely Aspergillus sp.1, Fusarium sp., Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus sp.2. Number of fungal colonies on average for this type of peat saprik presented in Table 1.
Table 1. The types of fungi found in soil type saprik
Background
Peatlands cover only about 3% of the earth, and contain 20-35% of the carbon stored in the earth's surface. Tropical peat lands, such as in Southeast Asia, has a storage capacity of carbon is very much (3-6 times more than the peatland, in temperate climates). Peatlands are also very rich in biological diversity and unique species only found in peat swamp areas (Moore & Nina 2003).
Indonesian peatlands estimated 26 million ha area. Almost all existing peatlands of Indonesia are found outside Java, which is the islands transmigration destination areas, namely on the island of Sumatra, 8.9 million ha, 6.3 million ha of the island of Borneo and Papua Island 10.9 million ha. In the region of Sumatra, most peatlands are in the East coast, while in Borneo there are in West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan (Ad Hoc Team 2008).
Peat swamp forest is a forest species that grows in a thick layer of organic material. This layer of organic material composed of stacks of plants that have been dead like leaves, roots, twigs, tree trunks and even complete, which has accumulated over thousands of years. The peat is forming an increasingly growing media raised every turn of generation plants, and it can produce layers with thickness up to more than 20 meters. Peat layer is formed under certain conditions, for plants that die under normal circumstances quickly experienced the decomposition by fungi, bacteria and other organisms. However, due to the nature of the anaerobic peat and has a high acidity, and lack of nutrients, the decomposition process was slow (Central Kalimantan Peatlands Project 2006).
Considering the important role of soil microorganisms, especially fungi, in the process of decomposition of organic matter in peat and the still relatively limited information about the types of fungi in peat, have identified the types of peat soil fungi in order to accelerate the process of decomposition of organic material. Thus will be known populations and species of fungi that play a role in the process of decomposition of peat soil orgnik materials. The information obtained can be used as supporting data in the management of peatlands. Buckman & Nyle (1982) stated that soil organisms play an important role in accelerating the provision of nutrients and also as a source of soil organic matter.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result
The observation and identification in the laboratory showed that the fungi were identified are as many as 8 species. Each type of peat land in Sei Siarti Village, Labuhan Batu regency there are different types of fungi for each replication and pengencerannya. From the results of the identification of species of fungi have not been identified. It is caused when microscopic observation characteristics such as conidial fungi, fungal hyphae and other structures compiler could not be seen clearly.
The eight species of fungi were identified consisted of Aspergillus sp.1, sp.2 Aspergillus, Fusarium sp., Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp. and Mucor sp. Of the eight species is not entirely contained in the three types of peat, based on the level of maturity, because the ability of fungi to compete in taking food, to survive in anaerobic conditions and in decomposing organic materials vary. Another factor affecting the presence of fungi in peat can be seen more clearly in the discussion.
The types of fungi isolated from peat soil saprik
Saprik isolated from peat soil obtained 4 types of fungi. As for the types of fungi, namely Aspergillus sp.1, Fusarium sp., Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus sp.2. Number of fungal colonies on average for this type of peat saprik presented in Table 1.
Table 1. The types of fungi found in soil type saprik
The four types of fungi in peat saprik obtained, there are differences in the number of colonies for each fungi. Penicillium chrysogenum is a fungus with an average number of colonies of the first ever that is equal to 1.3 x 104 cfu / ml, whereas the number of colonies of fungi with the smallest average is Aspergillus sp.2 that is equal to 3.3 x 103 cfu / ml.The types of fungi isolated from peat soil hemik
In the isolated species hemik peat has five types of fungi and is the result of isolation tarbanyak ie, Penicillium chrysogenum, Mucor sp., Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp. Number of fungal colonies on average daat seen in Table 2.
Table 2. The types of fungi found in soil type hemik
The table above shows the differences in the number of colonies of each type of fungi in peat hemik. On peat soils fibrik Culvularia sp. is the number of colonies of fungi with the highest average of the first that is equal to 7 x 102 cfu / ml, and fungi with the number of fungal colonies on average there are 2 types, namely the smallest Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium sp. that is equal to 0.3 x 102 cfu / ml.The types of fungi isolated from peat soil fibrik
Fibrik peat types are the types of land of at least type funginya. Only two types of fungi obtained from the isolated, namely Aspergillus Mucor sp.1 and sp .. Here the number of fungal colonies average presented in Table 3.
Table 3. The types of fungi found in soil type fibrik
In the table above, Mucor sp. are fungi with the highest number of colonies that is equal to 1 x 104 cfu / ml while the Aspergillus sp. 1 only amounted to 3.7 x 102 cfu / ml.Discussion
On peat soil types found 4 saprik fungi, namely Aspergillus sp. 1, Fusarium sp., Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus sp. 2. Of these four types of fungi, Penicillium chrysogenum is the number of colonies of fungi with the greatest average first 1.3 x 104 cfu / ml later Fusarium sp. of 1 x 104 cfu / ml and Aspergillus sp. 1 of 6.7 x 103 cfu / ml, and Aspergillus sp. 2 amounted to 3.3 x 103 cfu / ml. Although Penicillium chrysogenum is the largest colony, but in peat this saprik Aspergillus species are the most dominant fungi, can be explained that there are several factors that cause a lot of fungi in the peat soils, including soil conditions are anaerobic, fungal food sources and the ability of fungi to survive.
Identification results for peat hemik found 5 fungi, namely Penicillium chrysogenum, Mucor sp., Penicillium digitatum, Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp .. Fungi that have the largest average colony first is Curvularia sp. that is equal to 7 x 102 cfu / ml and Penicillium chrysogenum by 4.7 x 102 cfu / ml, Mucor sp. that is equal to 3.7 X 102 cfu / ml, Penicillium digitatum that is equal to 0.3 x 102 cfu / ml and Penicillium sp. that is equal to 0.3 x 102 cfu / ml. The results obtained show that Peniciliium sp. is the most dominant fungi occupy hemik peat types. Dermiyati (1997) explained that the organic material capable of functioning as a source of energy and food for soil microorganisms. Presumably the ability Peniciliium sp. to decompose organic matter better than the other fungi, because of the peat soil and hemik Peniciliium saprik sp. is the most dominant fungi.
In fibrik peat soil types found only 2 fungi, namely Aspergillus Mucor sp.1 and sp. Most existing number of colonies in fungi Mucor sp. that is equal to 1 x 104 cfu / ml while Aspergillus sp.1 only equal to 3.7 X 102 cfu / ml. Factor may be the cause of food sources at least fibrik fungi in peat. According to Deacon (1984) Mucor sp. is a type of fungi that contain cellulose and saprofit. Peat decomposition fibrik an early stage, the fungi found in soil from identification results is contained fungi of twig or leaf that falls, and is the lowest layer.
In general, habitat Penicillium sp. found on forest lands and also on the seed. This fungi can be spread through the wind. On land, these fungi berberan in the process of decomposition of leaf litter decomposition in particular. Thus, these fungi can also enhance plant growth, the results are consistent with research & Goenadi Herman (1999), which states that microorganisms such as Aspergillus sp., And Penicillium sp. able to produce polysaccharides that are useful in adhesive soil particles. In conjunction with plant growth gluing soil particles will push aggregate-aggregate formation of a stable soil permeability and aeration of the soil so much better. So it can be explained that the existence of Penicillium sp. in the peat soil is to help provide nutrients for plants with the remnants of decomposition of organic material, and then converted into elements that can be utilized by plants.
Fusarium sp. are fungi that are saprofit soil but can be pathogenic to many plants. These fungi can also cause decay in the roots of plants, and also plays a role in the decomposition process. These results are in accordance with Irawan & Yulianti (2004) who concluded in his research that found 5 species of fungi are the dominant decomposers of coffee perkebuhan Sumberjaya, West Lampung, namely: Fusarium sp., Aspergillus ochraceus, Rube Monascus, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma sp.
Aspergillus sp. can be found in soil, fruits, leaves and litter are also a way to isolate these fungi from their habitat. Many species of aspergillus are used for food and beverage industry. Yet another important role is in the process of decomposition of soil organic matter and assist plant growth. As it is known that the remains of plants contain a high cellulose and lignin which is a food source for many fungi, including Aspergillus sp., This agrees with the statement of Rao (1994), who said that some microbes such as Trichoderma, Aspergillus, and Penicillium able to remodel cellulose into monosaccharides material compounds, alcohol, CO2 and other organic acids by the release of cellulase enzymes.
Culvularia sp. hemik found only in soil, these fungi are also poorly known perananya in the process of decomposition. However, these fungi are suspected of habitat has a role in decomposing organic material, where the habitat of these fungi are very much in the tropics, was isolated from soil and there is also diserasah. In addition to that, according to Gandjar et al. (1999), these fungi can oxidize various Mn salts, produces a red pigment (cynodotin), and menghidroksilasi progesterone. In addition, Culvularia sp. has a rapid growth of the colony, where average growth was 1.1 cm per day. This demonstrates the ability of fungi in competing for nutrients or other elements far better than other types of fungi.
Mucor sp. is a cosmopolitan species, ie species that have very wide distribution area, because this species can be isolated from soil, grass, animal dung, wood pulp, and others. The identification results obtained showed that the Mucor sp. found on the maturity level and hemik fibrik. Almost the same as Culvularia sp. colony growth of Mucor sp. quick look on PDA (Potato Dextrosa order), with an average growth was 2 cm per day. Thus indicate the ability of competing fungi obtain nutrients better than other fungi. Buckman & Nyle (1982) states there are 4 (four) types of the most well-known genus of fungi that is Penisillium, Mucor, Trichoderma, and Aspergillus. These fungi grow in great lands, acid, neutral or alkaline, some of them will love the low pH. This statement is reinforced by Pitt & Hocking (1997) stating the types of fungi including Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp. and Trichoderma sp, able to survive and compete with other fungi to get room to grow as well as other elements necessary for growth. Mucor sp. can grow at temperature 5-200C.
The deeper the peat will lower the oxygen conditions, this is possible because at least the intensity of light that can penetrate into, except that, peat environment in general is always inundated by water. This is thought to be factors affecting the process of decomposition by fungi and fungi are also factors in the presence of peat. From the research shows the differences in the composition of fungi and fungal populations on peat soil types based on the level of maturity.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
From this research we can conclude:
- 8 known species of fungi are the dominant decomposers of peat Siarti Sei Village, Labuhan Batu District, namely: Aspergillus sp. 1, Aspergillus sp. 2, Fusarium sp, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium sp, Curvularia sp and Mucor sp.
- On peat soil fungi species found saprik 4 species of fungi namely: Aspergillus sp. 1, Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp. 2 and Penicillium chrysogenum.
- On peat soil fungi species found hemik 5 species of fungi are: Penicillium chrysogenum, Mucor sp, Penicillium digitatum, Curvularia sp, Penicillium sp.
- On peat soil fungi species found fibrik 2 species of fungi namely: Aspergillus sp.1 and Mucor sp.
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